American Response to Revolutionary Nationalism in Asia

In the aftermath of World War II revolutionary nationalism emerged as a powerful force in Asia. As a response to this, the American foreign policy evoked three main images that identified the United States with the power it had over other states. The first image was that of a firefighter. America was seen as firefighting machinery that moved forward to put out the military and political blazes. The United States after the Second World War was seen as the missionary who came to save the souls for democracy in Asia. The last type of image that America presented was that of an accountant.As an accountant, America intervened in Asian countries to add up the balance sheets as well as warning the individuals who the economical policies considered to be unfair to the United States. The rise of nationalism in Asia was seen as the era of decolonization and a principle of self-determination. Particularly the issues that involved Japan and the World War II had exploded the myths of western supr emacy and America was ready to rebuild the tattered perception. Asia had so much contact with the western culture and their allied technology which had almost taken up the societies in the Asian states.Some factors enabled the emergence of India to become a state and to make Asia be for Asians. Perhaps it can be identified that the society propaganda together with the British labor party played a pivotal role in the enabling revolutionary nationalism that became a powerful force in Asia. The revolutionary nationalism took three major phases development where the first phase took place as early as 1885 to 1905. During this period, the Indian National Congress was mainly dominated by the moderates. During the first phase, the Indians who were taught in English had strong beliefs that the British would lead the country into self-governance.The second phase ensured after the first phase and lasted for thirteen years from 1906 to 1919. Here, the extremists emerged shaking the faith of th e Indians in Great Britain. The key architect for this swindle was the Rouwlatt Bill, the repressive methods that were adopted by the British government and the Bagh massacre which led to the death of several people as the British troops closed the only fire exit without giving any warning. The third phase was mainly characterized by the Indian father, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1920-1947.Gandhi offered to bring India out of suffering and ensured that India attained its independence. The third phase experienced a lot of transformation in the entire Asian continent when activists rose up to fight for their rights to be free. The success of Gandhi was mainly due to his six main principles which he followed during his mission and in his entire life. The truth, vegetarianism, non-violence, faith, simplicity and brahmacharya were the main principals that Gandhi lived by in his life and became a father and a man to emulate in the entire Asia.The phase marked the end of the struggles of nationalism and after the World War II, India attained independence in 1947. The purpose of America in fulfilling its roles was perceived to be invariably successful although they were played in a simultaneous manner. The United States emerged as an imperial power during the World War I and after the postwar period, the America came in posing as a missionary, accountant and more of a firefighter. The main instrument after the World War II was Bill Knowland who was one of the ten most influential members of the Congress.William F. Knowland was named as a man who hardened the United States policy towards the Asian communism. He was also recognized as a man whose convictions spoilt his mission as a leader. As it was expected, in the aftermath of the second world war, almost the entire Asia was very fragile with a number of pressures which helped move towards the order of authoritarian as that to provide the rapid economic growth directed by the state and stability. The United States provided an authoritarian order which came in the form of one party system of authoritarian.Another form of machinery was communism which was seen to be very dynamic. The mass mobilization using communism capacity combined with the skilful application of the visionary promises and the military powers resulted to a major challenge to the individuals who wished to preserve and create an open system. The American goal was in Asian continent was to set up security structure in China which could not halt any further communism expansion. The communism expansion was characterized by the rising Chinese and Soviet powers.In this effort, a major disagreement resulted whether the United States commitments should be limited to the island chain away from the extensive continent of Asia or the commitments should also involve the individual needing some assistance. At a very great cost, the United States se up a strategic balance in the Asia pacific that centered upon the bilateral ties with the ROK and Japan. The bilateral ties were also established with the Philippines as well as Thailand.This balance was greatly assisted by the split between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. This led to a critically important liaison between the PRC and the US. The plan was also supported by the increasing economic growth of the market economies of the East Asia where Japan served as a guide and a forerunner. It may not be said that the United States succeeded in its response towards the powerful force in Asia brought by the revolutionary nationalism.As it can be seen of today, the Asian societies are facing great economic hurdles and the Americas effort to act as a missionary and accountant have not been seen to be successful. There are problems related to excessive exuberance and insufficiency in regulatory measures together with the unhealthy ties between the government and the corporate sector. These problems have been outshined by the new and complex proble m of globalization. It is expected that majority of Asian states will start the recovery process shortly with the hope of a more improved economic sector.There is one strong lesson which can be learned from the intervention of the United States into the revolutionary nationalism in Asia. The economic strategies, however successful they may look like, cannot be exhaustive and entirely good for all times. This typical scenario can be seen in Japan. At the same time, it should be recognized that the changes that are required in states go beyond the economic circles and touch deeply into the cultural spheres. Bibliography Chen Jan. 1997.The Myth of America’s Lost Chance in China: A Chine Perspective in Light of New Evidence. Diplomatic History, Vol21: 77-86 Hershberg James. 1996. The Cold War in Asia. London: DIANE Publishing Jian Chen. 2001. Mao’s China and the Cold War. University of North Carolina Press. Newman, Robert. 1961. Recognition of Communist China? A Study in A rgument. New York: Macmillan Offner, Arnold. 2002. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War; 1945-1953. Stanford University Press

Uses Of Vegetable Cooking Oil Environmental Sciences Essay

Vegetable cookery oil is a lipid rich, syrupy substances ensuing from vegetable beginnings, such as thenar meats and seeds, which is liquid at room temperature ( Merryweather et al. 2005 ) . Vegetable cookery oils contain high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids because they do non incorporate carbon-to-carbon dual bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are classified into two viz. ; monounsaturated ( those holding merely one dual bond in the C concatenation, such as oleic acid ) and polyunsaturated ( those holding two or more dual bonds in the C concatenation ) determines the features of oil ( CAC 1999 ; Mistry and Khambete 2011 ; GEA Food Solutions 2013 ) . There are several types of vegetable cookery oil used for frying in the catering industries including Olive oil, Soya-bean oil, Sunflower oil, Groundnut oil, Maize oil, Cottonseed oil, Mustard-seed oil, Grape seed oil, and Palm oil [ Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CAC ) 1999 ; GEA Food Solutions 2013 ] . As we all know that vegetable cookery oil is basically used for frying operations in the catering industries.1.2 USES OF VEGETABLE COOKING OILCooking oil is used for frying operations at place and the catering industries. The catering industries are the major users of cooking oil for the readying of several nutrient merchandises such as the eggs, murphy, meat merchandises, veggies and related fried nutrients ( Fellows 2000 ) .1.3 Frying OPERATIONS AND THE USE OF VEGETABLE COOKING OIL BY THE CATERING INDUSTRYFrying is a unit operation which is chiefly used to change the eating quality of some specific nutrients listed supra. These nutrients are of import in catering applications and are produced on a commercial graduated table for gross revenues and distribution ( Fellows 2000 ) . There are two types of frying operations known with the catering industry viz. : Shallow sauteing, and Deep fat sauteing ( Fellows 2000 )1.3.1 SHALLOW FryingThis is besides called contact sauteing. This is suited merely for nutrients such as Warren burgers, eggs and other types of Pattie. In this type of frying operation, heat is transferred to the nutrient surface by conductivity from the hot surface of the pan through a thin bed of oil. It has a high surface heat transportation coefficient of 200-450 Wm-2 k-1. However, there is no even distribution of heat across the whole nutrient surface ( Fellows 2000 ) .1.3.2 DEEP-FAT FryingThis is a cooking procedure of nutrients at temperatures between 140 to 180 oC for a few seconds [ German Society for fat Science ( GBFS ) 2008 ] . This method of frying operation is suited for all sorts of nutrients irrespective of their form. In this method of frying operation, heat transportation takes topographic point by a combination of convection within the hot oil and conductivity to the inside to the nutrient. And all surfaces of the nutrient have a similar heat intervention that is equally distributed. The surface heat transportation coefficient of deep-fat sauteing are ranged between 250-300 Wm-2 k-1 before vaporization of wet from the surface begins but subsequently increased to 800-1000 Wm-2 k-1 due to the violent turbulency caused by steam go forthing the nutrient surface ( Fellows 2000 ) .1.4 EFFECT AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COOKING OIL1.4.1 EFFECT OF FRYING OPERATION ON THE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF COOKING OILHeat and oil recovery systems are used to cut down energy and oil costs, particularly in the catering industry. Drawn-out warming due to recycle of oil at the high temperatures during frying operations, in the presence of wet and O released from nutrients, causes oxidization of the oil to organize a scope of volatile carbonyls, hydroxyl acids, keto acids and epoxy acids, which leads to unpleasant spirits and dark coloring material of the oil ; perchance could take to toxicity, decomposition and other nutritionary alte rations can every bit good occur in the oil ( Fellows 2000 ) . These can normally take to the formation of volatile decomposition merchandises and non-volatile decomposition merchandises. The volatile decomposition merchandises have lower molecular weight than the oil and are lost from the sauteing pan due to vaporization. While the non-volatile decomposition merchandises are formed by oxidization and polymerization of the cooking oil and signifier residues on the sides and at the underside of the sauteing container. Polymerization in the absence of O produces cyclic compounds and polymers with high molecular weight, which increase the syrupy features of the cooking oil. This lowers the surface heat transportation coefficient during frying operation and increases the sum of oil absorbed by the finished merchandise. Because of this cooking oil quality reduces if used for several times to fry nutrients ( Fellows 2000 ) . Therefore, there is the demand to command the usage of cooking oil in the catering industry to guarantee the safety and quality of fried nutrient merchandises for human ingestion.1.4.2 LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE USE OF COOKING OIL IN THE CATERING INDUSTRYOil is an expensive merchandise ; managing it expeditiously saves processing costs and ensures invariably high nutrient quality for the consumer in the catering industries. In a extremely competitory catering concern, there is considerable force per unit area on caterers to supply first-class merchandises at the lowest possible monetary value, to fulfill consumers ‘ demands. As a consequence, many of these nutrient concern mercantile establishments are going progressively interested in efficient oil direction, which brings two valuable benefits ; maintaining oil ingestion to a minimal and keeping optimal merchandise quality and visual aspect ( GEA Food Solutions 2013 ) . From the above tabular array provided, polar compounds per centum is limited in all the states subjected to official ordinances although the values vary somewhat from one state to another. Apart from the initial standards of oxidized fatty acid and fume point, free fatty acids and polymer content, the most characteristic groups of compounds originated due to the wet of the nutrient and to the high temperature of the sauteing procedure, severally. And many other states have embraced specific recommendations or guidelines based on similar standards which reflect the increasing involvement in the control of used sauteing oils to better the quality and alimentary belongingss of fried nutrients ( Dobarganes and Marquez-Ruz 1998 ) .1.4.4 OIL USE AND MANAGEMENT IN THE CATERING INDUSTRIESMismanagement of oil can do several unwanted alterations in its features, such as the, coloring material which darkens with black musca volitanss looking ; viscousness which increases during frying ; fume po int which reduces as the oil is broken down doing the oil to develop smoke even under normal operating conditions ; sensory which affects the gustatory sensation and olfactory property of the frying oil becomes hapless ; oil pickup which increases with merchandises fried in debauched oil, and foaming, severally. In pattern, caterers adopt the best possible via media based on costs, market demands, oil direction patterns and frying oil stableness ( CAC 2011 ; GEA Food Solutions 2013 ) .1.4.5 MANAGEMENT OF FRYING OILThere is a demand to pull off frying oil for safety and quality interest by the catering industry. Rossell ( 1998 ) suggests as written below: Do non blend used oil with fresh oil ; Shop fresh oil in a suited storage system with equal cleansing modus operandi ; Do non air out oil ; Do non overheat oil during sauteing operation ; Do non salt nutrients before sauteing ; Do non fry wet nutrient ; Do non disrupt circulation of hot oil ; Do non fry nutrient with oil for over 12 hours without been discarded ; Discard WVO suitably and seasonably in the recommended armored combat vehicles such as steel armored combat vehicles and plastic armored combat vehicles specially designed for oil storage. The British Standards ( BS 799 ) portion 5 ( Reference 5 ) set a criterion for steel armored combat vehicles to be used for the storage of WVO ( Department for Environment, Food & A ; Rural Affairs 2011 ) .1.4.6 WASTE VEGETABLE OIL ( WVO ) MANAGEMENTThe term WVO refers to cooking oil which has been used in nutrient in nutrient production, such as sauteing, and which is no longer feasible for its intended usage ( Refaat 2010 ) . Proper disposal of WVO in the catering industry has been an of import waste direction concern, because on one-year footing about 500 million metric tons of WVO is produced by the big and little catering industry. Harmonizing to available statistics, China entirely generates between 200 and 300 million metric tons of WVO that are illicitly reused alternatively of been discarded by the catering industries, which poses a possible wellness jeopardy to the guiltless consumers. The generated waste ( WVO ) must be decently managed ( that is disposed and recycled ) in order to forestall possible environmental pollution ( Zhang et al. 2012 ) . WVO is normally disposed into sinks, taking to blockage of pipes ; and if acquire into the H2O organic structures ( rivers, seas and oceans ) doing the oxygenation of H2O hard. This act of illegal WVO disposal can ensue to asphyxiation and likely the violent death of the marine lives such as the fishes and other animate beings that live in the sea, rivers and oceans. Because of WVO disposal into the H2O organic structures, a individual liter of WVO disposed can pollute every bit much as 1 million liters of H2O ( Refaat 2010 ) . WVO contains about a 1000 portion per million of entire halogens but with the possibility of been recycled and used as a biodiesel if decently managed by the catering industry [ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ( TCEQ ) 2012 ] . Therefore: Do rub and scraping used home bases, pans and utensils before lavation ; WVO should be stored in labeled containers and/or armored combat vehicles that are in good status ; Keep WVO storage containers covered and off from conditions ; Do non blend WVO with any other liquids, such as anti-freeze, interruption cleansing agent, gasolene, pigment dilutants, pesticides and chemicals ; Obtain all necessary training/education and certification on the direction of WVO from the relevant governments and experts ; Keep records of all WVO storage and recycling activities ; Send WVO for recycling to a registered and certified recycling company ; Do non dump WVO in the rubbish, on the land, or down a drain because it is illegal dispose used oil in that mode ; Do usage strainers in sink stopper holes, and empty contents trapped into the designated bin ; Make keep grease traps and enzyme dosing equipment on a regular basis ( TCEQ 2012 ; Water UK 2013 ) . Recently, it has been established that WVO can be used in the production of low monetary value biodiesel fuel with the possibility of executing really good like any other combustible stuffs ( Refaat 2010 ) . Even though Gbobadian et Al. ( 2009 ) stressed that the concentration of the carbonmonoxide and hydrocarbon emanations were significantly decreased when biodiesel was tested. However, burning efficaciousness of WVO used as a biodiesel remained changeless ( Refaat 2010 ) . More significantly, WVO is a renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly biodiesel with promising combustibleness ( Refaat 2010 ; Mistry and Khambete 2011 ) . Biodiesel from WVO can merely be used for energy production if purified decently and met the demand set by EN 12214 Standard. The liquid-liquid extraction method shows assuring consequence ( Berrios et al.2011 ) .1.5.0 REGULATIONS FOR WVO MANAGEMENTThere are many Regulations put in topographic point in UK for proper direction of WVO, fat and nutr ient waste ( Water UK 2013 ) : Animal By-Products Regulations EC 1774/2002 ( ABPR ) ; Building Act 1984, Section 59 ; Environmental Protection Act 1990 ( Duty of Care ) ; Environmental Protection Act 1990 ( Statutory Nuisance ) ; Food Safety Act 1990.1.5.1 Animal By-products Regulations EC 1774/2002 ( ABPR )Regulations EC 1774/2002 ( ABPR ) states that from 1 November, 2004 WVO from providing industries can no longer be used as an ingredient in carnal provender preparation to safe guard the nutrient concatenation. The aggregation of WVO must be through a accredited waste bearer. Besides from October 2007 liquid waste, such as WVO, may non be disposed of at landfill.1.5.2 Building Act 1984, Section 59Section 59 of the Building Act 1984 gives power to local authorization to necessitate satisfactory proviso for drainage of an bing edifice by service of a notice on the proprietor ; including a demand for the installing of a lubricating oil trap.1.5.3 Environmental Protection Act 1990 ( Duty of Care )This Act emphasizes that every commercial premises set uping aggregation and disposal of waste, such as WVO, must follow with the demands of Section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act ( Duty of Care ) Regulations 1991 as amended. The aim of the ‘Duty of Care ‘ is to guarantee that all waste is managed right from the point of production to the point of concluding disposal. The manufacturer of waste, such as the catering industry, should merely let ‘Registered waste bearer ‘ to roll up generated for disposal from their premises. Besides, they must maintain a record of all wastes aggregations, because failure to supply paperss can ensue in a ?300.00 fixed mulct or prosecution.1.5.4 Environmental Protection Act 1990 ( Statutory Nuisance )The local authorization ‘s environmental wellness section will cover with all reported ailments of ‘Statutory Nuisance ‘ that could happen due to blow botching, such as odors, wastewaters, garbage accretion and premises that pose menace to human wellness or a nuisance. And where a statutory nuisance exists the local authorization has to function an ‘abatement notice ‘ under Section 80 of the Act. But failure to follow can ensue in prosecution ; or emptying of the waste by the authorization and claim cost from the proprietor of the concern.1.5.5 Food Safety Act 1990This Act gives local authorization the power to inspect premises under the Food Safety Act 1990. Problems originating from the consequence of fat, oil and lubricating oil on drains ensuing in a failure to follow with the Food Hygiene Regulations could ensue in prosecution or an exigency prohibition order forestalling trading from the premises.1.6 DiscussionThe healthiest oil for cookery is one that is composed chiefly of monounsaturated fat. Processed oils incorporating a high measure of concentrated fats are considered the least healthy by most medical practicians, but saturated fats from natural beginnings can hold some benefits. Contrary to popular belief, fat is really a valuable portion of people ‘s diet, leting people to absorb foods that require fat in order to metabolise in the organic structure ( Tricia 2013 ) . Most oils from nuts are considered reasonably healthy, but one should be careful utilizing oil derived particularly from peanuts or walnuts as these are most often indicated in terrible nut allergic reactions. If one plans to utilize insignificant oil on a dish served to invitees, be certain to verify that no invitee has a peanut allergic reaction. Peanut oil contains high sums of monounsaturated fat. Olive oil is considered by some to be the healthiest oil because it provides a mix of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. It can besides be obtained in really pure signifier, which most wellness experts recommend ( Tricia 2013 ) . Deep sauteing between the temperature ranges of 170 oC and 200 oC can take to the formation of Acrylamide when frying particularly starchy nutrient such as the murphies. Besides, there is likeliness that oil will undergo hydrolysis, oxidization and thermic polymerization ( Wai 2007 ) . These reactions can take to some nutrient safety and quality issues that would necessitate attending from the nutrient safety and quality experts. Because hydrolysis of oil is the dislocation of oil complex compounds to glycerol, FFAs, monoglycerides and diglycerides. While oxidization of used oil implies the dislocation of the triglyceride molecules to hydroperoxides ( due to primary oxidization ) , every bit good as into volatile and non-volatile compounds ( due to secondary oxidization ) causation increased in oil viscousity and stain. And thermic polymerisation leads to the production of high molecular cyclic fatty acid ( FA ) monomers ( Wai 2007 ) . Zhang et Al. ( 2012 ) suggested that: Governments should pay more attending to market-oriented policies on WVO disposal and direction towards guaranting developing biofuel from it ; Relevant authorities bureaus and stakeholders should work together to guarantee that the recycle and reuse of WVO and biofuel go a world by seting in topographic point feasible policy and system ; Certain rigorous legal steps and demands should be established by authoritiess to implement and supervise the policy and legal model refering ordinances on the direction of WVO in order to c heckmate the activities of the catering industry. This might cut down and forestall the reuse of exhausted oil ( WVO ) for another unit of ammunition ( s ) of frying operation ( s ) by the catering industry.1.7 DecisionIn decision, with the depletion of universe crude oil militias and the increased environmental concerns, the acceptance and usage of WVO as a biodiesel is timely and would be helpful. The production of biodiesel from WVO offers economic, environmental and godforsaken direction solutions to the catering industry and the greenish blue system as a whole ( Mistry and Khambete 2011 ) . Although before this immense dream of utilizing WVO for biofuel can be a world there is the demand for an integrated attempts between the relevant authorities bureau and the catering industry ( Zhang et al.2012 ) .

American Jury System

The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/ American Jury System The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/

Motivation Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Motivation Theories - Essay Example 121-123). In fact, without this fuel human beings would be inactive, leading a mundane life. According to the dictionary meaning of motivation, it is 'an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire, or want) that serves to activate or energize behavior and give it direction'. In the field of psychology, human motivation has long been studied as a way to explain an individual's behaviour. In reality, motivation is inferred rather than measured. The inference is made due to behavioural changes that result from external stimuli. It is also a performance variable because changes in a person's motivation are frequently of a temporary nature; with many people, what is high priority today may become singularly unimportant tomorrow. Abraham Maslow first introduced the theory of Motivation in the year 1954 in his book Motivation and Personality which stated how people satisfied various personal needs in the context of their work. He postulated, based on his observations as a humanistic psychologist, that there is a general pattern of needs recognition and satisfaction that people follow in generally the same sequence. He also theorized that a person could not recognize or pursue the next higher need in the hierarchy until her or his currently recognized need was substantially or completely satisfied, a concept called Prepotency (Gawel, 1997). His theory influences a number of fields, including education. This wide influence is due in part to the high level of practicality of Maslow's (1954) theory. Many people find they can understand what Maslow (1954) says. They can recognize some features of their experience or behavior which is true and identifiable but which they have never put into words. Below is given th e original model of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1954). According to Maslow et al. (1954), there seems to be a hierarchy into which human needs arrange themselves, as per the above figure. The psychological needs form the base of the model and hence require being satisfied first. These are the basic human needs to sustain life itself-food, clothing, and shelter. Until these basic needs are satisfied to the degree needed for the sufficient operation of the body, the majority of a person's activity will probably be at this level, and the others will provide little motivation. When these needs are somewhat satiated, other needs emerge. Once physiological needs become gratified, the safety, or security needs become predominant. These needs are essentially the need to be free of the fear of physical danger and deprivation of the basic physiological needs. In other words, this is a need for self-preservation. In addition to the here and now, there is a concern for the future. Once physiological and safety needs are fairly well satisfied, social or affiliation will emerge as dominant in the need structure. Since people are social beings, they have a need to belong and to be accepted by various groups. When social needs become dominant, a person will strive for meaningful relations with others. After individuals begin to satisfy their need to belong, they generally want to be more than just a member of their group. They then feel the need for esteem- both self-esteem

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public Essay

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public sector organizations differ from those used by companies in the private sector - Essay Example Hence the financial accounting system is to be very strict to ensure the uniform justice. Making them profit driven is crucial for the whole nation as will add further to the gross domestic product of the country and for generating higher employment. In addition the reforms in public sector are needed for following factors which also decide the style of financial reporting in public enterprises. The financial reporting analysis studies indicated that majority private firms get involved in cost reduction activities and hence their efficiency is higher and hence public sector can follow this by implementing cost reduction measures with out affecting the social objectives. Matsumari and Matsushima (2004) conducted an investigation on mixed duopoly, in which a public enterprise with social objectives competes with a profit-maximizing private firm. The use of a Hotelling-type spatial model helped them in product differentiation. Similarly the production costs were reduced by following cost-reducing activities. It was also noticed that the private firms engage in excessive strategic cost-reducing activities and hence their production cost becomes lower than the public firm. It was also felt that privatization of the loss making public firms will result in reducing the operational losses and converting them in to profit making enterprises. The second factor that is to be kept in mind is that the source of funds for the public sector is from the public mainly where as the source of funding in private sector is from private individuals. Hence the public sector enterprises should be held highly responsible for the financial performance. It does not mean that the private sector should be neglected but it suggests that the private sector needs a separate style of financial reporting system. The users and stakeholders are another crucial

Shame by Dick Gregory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shame by Dick Gregory - Essay Example Richard feels inferior to Helene Tucker. He is afraid of even coming close to her and keeps a distance whenever he wants to greet her. He even has to clean his hand before greeting her. The narrator feels fabulous in white clothes. Richard Gregory is in love with Helene Tucker. He proves all this by the fact that he had to clean his school uniform daily, and water was scarce. He even goes to school just to see her. He denied his poor status just to be equal to Helene rich class. He obtained a ladies handkerchief just to avoid people seeing him wiping his face using his hands. The story itself is but a flash back in Richard Gregory life. To him Helene is a symbol of people who are better than him. The demonstration of this love is when the narrator does everything in his life for Helene. The narrator broke college record just for her. The narrator shows racism and discrimination just by the mentioning of color in his story. He mentioned that teachers saw him as a black idiot boy. He also mentioned that the only clothe that made him look bosom was the white folks shirt feet him better. Eventually the narrator shows that so long as one works hard in life he will succeed. He shows this by offering to pay the bill for the old wino in Mr. William’s

Questions of the Philosophy Ideas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions of the Philosophy Ideas - Assignment Example This means that a human has very limited and concise knowledge, wisdom and morality and no matter how much one tries to grasp all the knowledge, it is not possible as a person to absorb everything. Thus, Socrates believes that irrespective of all the knowledge he possesses, he still does not know anything. This leads to self-questioning and judging one's self whether what we assume is actually true or just a vague illusion. Nothing was completely pure and perfect for Socrates. He believed that there was more to explore. Another perspective can be that Socrates was so ignorant that through this statement he meant that he at least he knew something if not everything (Miles 165) This is a very contradictory statement, and it is quite difficult to ascertain what he really wanted to convey; personally I think that he knew a lot and wanted to learn more. 2. What did Descartes mean when he said, â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† "I Think Therefore I Am" is a very renowned quotation or one of the most popular phrases ever said. This phrase was written by famous Rene Descartes in the 1600s in his book Meditations II. Earlier in his first book Meditations I, he completely destructed the belief of anything that occurred. He justified his statement by saying that there was not any way to be certain about his thoughts which were apparently mistaken or misleading, which is the misconception of human beings. Few examples he gave were that one cannot change the fact that there is a supreme power that exists and which plays and tricks the human brain or the very common optically seen illusions that baffle the human brain. Later in his book the Meditations II, he states that there is only a singular thing he can be sure of - that he is present. His justification lay in the fact that the ambiguity of certainty was due to the thoughts which were deluded. Deluded thoughts, if there are any, thoughts apparently do exist, and Descartes is a person who thinks that he exists. â₠¬Å"I think, therefore I am† is the initial and the most accurate statement which states itself to those who take philosophy in a very systematic manner: one should initially know what thought, existence and certainty are, and that one needs to exist in order to think. But we have so many ways of gaining knowledge that we do not know what exactly would enumerate us (Ariew 306). 3. What is the primary goal of Vipassana meditation? How is this goal achieved? The primary goal and the purpose of Vipassana meditation is the internal purification of the mind. It is apparently the most top level of enlightenment. True nature is the entire form of mind-matter theory. The reason of this meditation is to see the world as it is without being judgmental about it. Vipassana meditation focuses on the basic goal required to build in a composed targeted approach of the self and the surrounding world (Dockett 25).  

Assessing non-parametric or t tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assessing non-parametric or t tests - Essay Example Also the variance of the population is unknown and to be tested from the sample. Under study consists of small samples and meets other conditions which are suitable to be tested with the t-test (Siegle. D, 2014). In addition to it, if the quality of the product is to be checked and for example the product is a car; ability of cars to absorb accident, then it will be very difficult and costly to handle large sample data. Therefore t-test is the best option to test such type of parameters. Adding further, if any statistics follows t-distribution, t-test has to be applied. If there is a need to determine that is there any significant difference between the means of two groups, then t-test is used. Now-a-days the development in both the field of computer i.e. in the hardware and software is tremendously going upward (RO, 2014). In fact, there are many computer softwares available in the market which calculates the test statistics which also provide probability of parameters in which anybody is interested. Going through the inference statistics, one assumes that all the dependent variables fit in a normal distribution. Also probability of a particular outcome can be identifying if there is an existence of normal distribution. Basically the research article under study focused on the relationship marketing among the income level and the banks which were preferred by the customer. The research makes use of the f-test and the t- test. The use of t-test is made in order to find out the noteworthy difference among the demographic variables. Also in the study the customer awareness regarding relationship marketing, occupation, age, religion, gender of the customer has also been taken to find out the significant mean difference. It means that weather the person working in government organization, male or female, Muslim or Christian, young or aged customers, businessman or private sector customer have same level

Quantitative Analysis for Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Analysis for Finance - Coursework Example Basing on the calculated percentages, the return of each portfolio was calculated. Therefore, based on the results, the plan consists of the losses and the highest drawdown which could help investors prepare for what they could face in future. In relation to this, even if the financial plan is considered to be the simplest, it needs assumptions about the way the investment could perform. It is known that such assumptions might not be accurate, but they are required to be reasonable as well as thoughtful. The projections won’t be that useful in case you assume a balanced portfolio with a return of 7 percent every day. It was found that the returns of the total portfolio of investors during the year are negative and this indicates that the portfolio is not good enough to invest. Such resulted from the drop in value of the initial investment of the common bond which was from 30 000 pounds to 23 000 pounds. There was rise in value of the stock investment from 20 000 pounds to 25 0 00 pounds and this implies that the stock portfolio is good for investment. In regard to the determination of the capital market line equation (CML), we considered the fact that there was a correlation coefficient between the stock returns of 30 percent and the risk free rate of 5 percent .The risk profile could be altered easily when the asset risk is adjusted with the use of the risk –free rate. Based on the capital market line, the market portfolio has a combination of all risky-free asset and risky assets, with the use of the asset‘s market value to calculate the weights. The capital market line was derived by capital market model (CAPM) where the expected return at different risk levels was solved. For exercise 2, the capital market line was determined and in this case, it indicated that the diversified portfolio returns on the capital